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Bioinformatics is a relatively new field of research. It evolved from the requirement to process, characterize, and apply the information being produced by DNA sequencing technology. The production of DNA sequence data continues to grow exponentially. At the same time, improved bioinformatics such as faster DNA sequence search methods have been combined with increasingly powerful computer systems to process this information. Methods are being developed for the ever more detailed quantification of gene expression, providing an insight into the function of the newly discovered genes, while molecular genetic tools provide a link between these genes and heritable traits. Genetic tests are now available to determine the likelihood of suffering specific ailments and can predict how plant cultivars may respond to the environment. The steps in the translation of the genetic blueprint to the observed phenotype is being increasingly understood through proteome, metabolome and phenome analysis, all underpinned by advances in bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is becoming increasingly central to the study of biology, and a day at a computer can often save a year or more in the laboratory. The volume is intended for graduate-level biology students as well as researchers who wish to gain a better understanding of applied bioinformatics and who wish to use bioinformatics technologies to assist in their research. The volume would also be of value to bioinformatics developers, particularly those from a computing background, who would like to understand the application of computational tools for biological research. Each chapter would include a comprehensive introduction giving an overview of the fundamentals, aimed at introducing graduate students and researchers from diverse backgrounds to the field and bring them up-to-date on the current state of knowledge. To accommodate the broad range of topics in applied bioinformatics, chapters have been grouped into themes: gene and genome analysis, molecular genetic analysis, gene expression analysis, protein and proteome analysis, metabolome analysis, phenome data analysis, literature mining and bioinformatics tool development. Each chapter and theme provides an introduction to the biology behind the data describes the requirements for data processing and details some of the methods applied to the data to enhance biological understanding.

Biology has progressed tremendously in the last decade due in part to the increased automation in the generation of data from sequences to genotypes to phenotypes. Biology is now very much an information science and bioinformatics provides the means to connect biological data to hypotheses. Bioinformatics: Tools and Applications provides up-to-date descriptions of the various areas of applied bioinformatics, from the analysis of sequence, literature, and functional data to the function and evolution of organisms. The ability to process and interpret large volumes of data is essential with the application of new high throughput DNA sequencers providing an overload of sequence data. Initial chapters provide an introduction to the analysis of DNA and protein sequences, from motif detection to gene prediction and annotation, with specific chapters on DNA and protein databases as well as data visualization. Additional chapters focus on gene expression analysis from the perspective of traditional microarrays and more recent sequence based approaches, followed by an introduction to the evolving field of phenomics, with specific chapters detailing advances in plant and microbial phenome analysis and a chapter dealing with the important issue of standards for functional genomics. Further chapters present the area of literature databases and associated mining tools which are becoming increasingly essential to interpret the vast volume of published biological information, while the final chapters present bioinformatics purely from a developers point of view, describing the various data and databases as well as common programming languages used for bioinformatics applications. These chapters provide an introduction and motivation to further avenues for implementation. Together, this volume aims to provide a resource for biology students wanting a greater understanding of the encroaching area of bioinformatics, as well as computer scientists who are interested learning more about the field of applied bioinformatics. David Edwards gained an Honours degree in agriculture from the University of Nottingham in 1989 and a PhD from the Department of Plant Science, University of Cambridge, UK in 1997. He has held positions within academia (University of Adelaide, Australia; University of Cambridge, UK; and McGill University, Canada), government (Long Ashton Research Centre, UK, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia) and industry (ICI seeds, UK). David is currently a Principle Research Fellow at the University of Queensland, Australia and leads the bioinformatics group within the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics. David's areas of interest include applied agricultural biotechnology; the structure and expression of plant genomes; the discovery and application of molecular genetic markers; and applied bioinformatics, with a focus on wheat, barley and Brassica crops. David Hansen has a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from the University of Queensland, Brisbane and a PhD in statistical physics from Australian National University. After developing bioinformatics tools at the Wiezmann Institute of Science, Israel and European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, David led the research and development of the SRS genomic data and tool integration software at LION bioscience in Cambridge from 1998 to 2004. David is now a Principal Research Scientist at the CSIRO Australian E-Health Research Centre and leads many research projects in e-Health aimed at improving the collection and use of information relevant to patient health. These research projects are in the areas of health data integration and clinical terminologies, biomedical imaging and remote patient monitoring. Jason Stajich earned a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from Duke University in Durham, NC in 1999 and worked as a programmer for the Center for Human Genetics at Duke