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This is an up-to-date clinical reference on anesthesia for urological surgery.  Advances in urological procedures, the advent of treatment of patients with strong anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications, and the demographics of urology patients (many of whom are young or elderly) present challenges for the anesthesiologist and have necessitated changes in anesthesia practice.  Urological anesthesia is not recognized as a subspecialty, and this book, which reflects the expertise of clinicians and researchers from around the United States and Europe, is written for the majority of anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists who will provide anesthesia for these patients.The book includes coverage of these topics:  ·         Renal physiology and pharmacology·         Urologic anesthesia in all age groups, and in both the operating room and outpatient setting·         Special considerations in the pregnant patient and in renal transplantation·         Anesthesia for robotic surgery of the prostate ·         In older patients, problems arising from co-morbidities and the risk of drug interactions·         Appropriate pain management in inpatient and outpatient settings·         The unique challenges of positioning the patient·         Medico-legal considerations, including analyses from the closed claims study