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An interdisciplinary team of scientists is presenting a new paradigm: all existing structures on earth are the consequence of information processing. Since these structures have been evolved over the last five billion years, information processing and its systems have an evolution.This is under consideration in the book. Starting with a basic paper which summarizes the essential hypotheses about the evolution of informaion processing systems, sixteen international scientists have tried to verify or falsify these hypothesises. This has been done at the physical, the chemical, the genetic, the neural, the social, the societal and the socio-technical level. Thus, the reader gets an insight into the recent status of research on the evolution of information processing systems. The papers are the result of an interdisciplinary project in which scientists of the classical disciplines have been invited to collaborate. Their inputs have been intensively discussed in a workshop. The book is the output of the workshop. The first goal of the bookis to give the reader an insight into basic principles about the evolution of information processing systems. This, however, leads directly to a very old and essential question: who is controlling the world, "matter" or an "immaterial intelligence"? Several authors of the papers are arguing that there is a basic concept of information processing in nature. This is the crucial process, which, however, needs a material basis. The reader has a chance to understand this paradigm as an approach which is valid for all levels of inorganic, organic and societal structures. This provocative concept is open to debate.