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InhaltsangabeIntroduction: Are mind and brain a unity? 1. Mind and Intelligence 1.1  Types of learning 1.2 Types of memory 1.3 Intelligence and behavioral flexibility 1.4 Consciousness 1.5 Mindbrain theories 1.6 What does all that tell us? 2. What is evolution? 2.1 Historical concepts of evolution 2.2 Neodarwinism and its problems 2.3 Concepts of evolution beyond natural selection 2.4 The reconstruction of phylogeny and evolution 2.5 What does all that tell us?3. The mind begins with life 3.1 What is life? 3.2 Order, self-production and self-maintenance 3.3 Life, energy acquisition and metabolism 3.4 The origin of first life 3.5 The further development of simple life 3.6 What does all that tell us?4. The language of neurons 4.1 The structure of a nerve cell 4.2 Principles of membrane excitability 4.3 Ion channels and neural transmission 4.3.1 The function of ion channels 4.3.2 The origin of the action potential 4.3.3 Neurotransmitters and other neuroactive substances 4.4 Principles of neuronal information processing 4.5 What does all that tell us?5. Bacteria, archaea, protozoa: successful life without a nervous system 5.1 Bacteria and Archaea 5.2 Protozoa 5.3 Why did multicellular organisms evolve? 5.4 What does all that tell us?6. The "invertebrates" and their nervous systems 6.1 Nonbilaterians 6.1.1 Sponges 6.1.2 "Coelenterates" 6.2 Bilaterians 6.2.1 Acoelomorpha 6.2.2 Protostomia 6.2.2.1 Lophotrochozoa 6.2.2.2 Ecdysozoa 6.3 What does all that tell us?7. Invertebrate cognition and intelligence 7.1 Learning, cognitive abilities and intelligence in insects 7.2 Learning, cognitive abilities and intelligence in cephalopods 7.3 What does all that tell us?8. The Deuterostomia 8.1 The origin of deuterostomes and their nervous systems 8.2 Echinoderms 8.3 Hemichordates 8.4 Chordates - Craniates - Vertebrates 8.4.1 Myxinoids 8.4.2 Vertebrates 8.4.2.1  Petromyzontids 8.4.2.2 Chondrichthyans 8.4.2.3  Osteichthyans 8.4.2.4  Amphibians 8.4.2.5  "Reptiles" 8.4.2.6  Birds 8.4.2.7  Mammals 8.5 What does all that tell us?9. The brains of vertebrates 9.1 The basic organization of the vertebrate brain 9.2 Medulla spinalis and oblongata 9.3 Cerebellum 9.4 Mesencephalon 9.5 Diencephalon 9.6 Telencephalon 9.6.1 Functional anatomy of the isocortex9.6.2 Are the mammalian cortex and the mesonidopallium of birds homologous? 9.7 What does all that tell us?10. Sensory systems - the coupling between brain and environment. 10.1 The general function of sense organs 10.2 Olfaction 10.3 The mechanical senses and electroreception 10.3.1 The sense of touch, vibration and medium currents 10.3.2 The mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive lateral line system of fish and amphibians 10.3.2.1 Mechanoreceptive lateral line system 10.3.2.2 The electroreceptive system. 10.3.3 The auditory system 10.4 The visual system 10.4.1    The compound eye of insects 10.4.2    The vertebrate eye and retina 10.4.3    Parallel processing in the visual system of vertebrates 10.5      What does all that tell us?11. How intelligent are vertebrates? 11.1 Cognition in teleost fishes 11.2 Learning and cognitive abilities in amphibians 11.3 Cognitive abilities and intelligence in mammals and birds 11.3.1 Tool use and tool fabrication 11.3.2 Quantity representation 11.3.3 Object permanence 11.3.4 Reasoning and working memory 11.3.5 Social intelligence 11.3.5.1 "Machiavellian" intelligence 11.3.5.2 Gaze following 11.3.5.3 Imitation 12. Do animals have consciousness? 12.1 Mirror self-recognition 12.2 Metacognition 12.3 Theory of mind: understanding the others 12.4 Conscious attention 12.5 How intelligent are dolphins and elephants? 12.6 What does all that tell us? 13. Comparing vertebrate brains 13.1 Brain size an

On the basis of evolutionary and behavioral biology, neuroscience and anthropology, this book investigates to which extent it is possible to reconstruct the evolution of nervous systems and brains as well as of mental-cognitive abilities, in short "intelligence", and to which extent we can correlate the one with the other. One central question is, whether or not abilities exist that make humans truly unique, or whether the evolution of the human mind was a gradual process. Exactly which neural features make animals and humans intelligent and creative? Is it absolute or relative brain size or the size of "intelligence centers" inside the brains, the number of nerve cells inside the brain in total or in such "intelligence centers" decisive for the degree of intelligence, of mind and eventually consciousness? Which are the driving forces behind these processes? Here, many different answers exist. For some experts the driving force for brains and minds are the conditions for biological survival: the more complex these conditions, the more effective need to be sense organs, nervous systems and brains, and the stronger is the tendency to an increase in learning abilities, behavioral flexibility and innovation power of animals. This is the ecological intellicence hypothesis. Other authors believe that the true driving force is the challenge from social life of an animal: the more complex the social conditions, the more sophisticated are abilities such as social learning, imitation, empathy, knowledge transfer, consciousness and the development of a theory of mind and meta-cognition. This, again, needs progressive changes inside the brains. This is the social intelligence hypothesis. Again other authors distinguish physical intelligence as a third form of cognitive functions mostly related to tool use, tool fabrication and understanding of the principles of how things work. Finally, some experts believe that the decisive factor in the evolution of brains and minds consisted in an increase in the speed and efficacy of information processing in cognitive brain centers. This is the general intelligence or information processing hypothesis. It is discussed, which of these hypotheses is the most convincing one. At its end, the book deals with the eminent question of whether we can arrive at a naturalistic concept of mind and consciousness. Is it possible to explain mind and intelligence within the framework of the natural science, or do mind and intelligence as found in humans, transcend nature?